In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Jorge Morales Pedraza. Practically all animals are range-fed. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. Download. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Section D. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. Brighter Green, 2. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. ", Table D.2. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. Agriculture. 1401 Constitution Ave NW The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Advanced Search Citation Search . [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. 3. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. State farms sold their output to the AMC. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. Washington, DC 20230. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. . In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. Title. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Merkebu Getachew. Abstract and Figures. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. <i>Methods</i>. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. <i>Results . The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience.