In August, 1952, the Office of Policy Coordination and the Office of Special Operations (the espionage division) were merged to form the Directorate of Plans (DPP). He was impressive - not at all the disturbing man he was in the shadows. It also highlights the structure and personalities of U.S. decision-making during that late spring of 1994 when hundreds of thousands were killed as the U.S. and other nations stood by. The UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold was so upset by the actions of the USA that he considered resigning from his post. Members of what was later called the Georgetown Ladies' Social Club included Katharine Graham, Mary Pinchot Meyer, Sally Reston, Polly Wisner, Joan Braden, Lorraine Cooper, Evangeline Bruce, Avis Bohlen, Janet Barnes, Tish Alsop, Cynthia Helms, Marietta FitzGerald, Phyllis Nitze and Annie Bissell. Frances Stonor Saunders, the author of Who Paid the Piper: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War? Wisner expected the United States would help the Hungarians. Arbenz, on the other hand, had simply been trying to reform his country and had not sought foreign help in this. [5], He works as an international-affairs advisor at the firm of Squire Patton Boggs in Washington, DC.[6]. Admiral. On April 4, 1953, Wisner persuaded Allen W. Dulles to approve $1 million to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh." Secretary of State John Foster Dulles added that the Guatemala people were living under a "communist type of terrorism". Wisner's FBI file tells scurrilous tales of his wild life during and after World War II. Name: Frank Wisner On January 4, 1951, the CIA merged the two offices and created a new Plans Division, which has had sole control over secret operations of all types since that date. Finally Brad (Colonel Albert Haney) rehearsed his speech. Frank George Wisner II (born July 2, 1938) is an American businessman and former diplomat who had served as acting United States Secretary of State for a few hours following the resignation of the previous acting United States Secretary of State Arnold Kanter at noon on January 20, 1993 until the confirmation by the United States Senate and He eventually had a breakdown, was hospitalized, and received an aggressive course of electroshock therapy. Admiral. Wisner's friends believed the illness was triggered by the failure of the Hungarian Uprising. Wisner, one of the early members of the Central Intelligence Agency, helped build, and was the . Mussadegh in Iran was left-wing and had indulged in talks with Russian diplomats about possible alliances and treaties. Khrushchev's de-Stalinzation policy encouraged people living in Eastern Europe to believe that he was willing to give them more independence from the Soviet Union. This resulted in the religious community turning against Mossadegh. http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm Categories: People Articles with hCards Wisner's death saddened but did not shock his colleagues. Even with my curious nature, I myself was unaware, except in the vaguest terms, what political action projects were going forward and how (Frank Wisner was spending Marshall Plan counterpart funds.) This included former members of the Nazi Party such as Gustav Hilger and Hans von Bittenfield. In defiance of federal law, John Loftus asserted, the Office of Policy Coordination helped obtain visas for Nazi collaborators from Belarus who were believed to have facilitated numerous atrocities by the Nazi Germany. However, Barnes convinced him that it was vital important that the Soviets did not establish a "beachhead in Central America". The OPC had a staff of 10, so this wasnt likely to happen. Frank G. Wisner, an ex-OSS man, was brought in from the State Department to head it, with a cover title of his own invention. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. On January 4, 1951, the CIA merged the two offices and created a new Plans Division, which has had sole control over secret operations of all types since that date. [10], Wisner was recruited in 1947 by Dean Acheson to join the State Department to become the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Occupied Areas. "The cable was from Des FitzGerald. He described the OPC as "Wisner's gang of weirdos" and began carrying out investigations into their past. A month earlier word had spread through the agency that the New York Times was embarking on a first-ever investigation of the CIA. It would nominally report to a senior State Department official. Hoover, claimed that Caradja was a Soviet agent. Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 - October 29, 1965) was head of Office of Strategic Services operations in southeastern Europe in 1944-1945 at the end of World War II, and served as the 2nd Deputy Director of Plans in charge of the Directorate of Plans of the Central Intelligence Agency from August 23, 1951 to January 1, 1959. He had upset the US government by nationalizing Iran's oil industry. Work out a new speech for Brad We went to the White House in the morning. Castillo now reversed the Arbenz reforms. The CIA was feeling particularly embattled that October. Afterward, he obviously wasnt equipped to go back to the Directorate of Plans, so he was made the station chief in London. The Combat Applications Group does not write database software for infantry supply clerks; it is better known as Delta Force. When Lansdale was manipulating electoral politics in the Philippines in 1953, Wisner asked Joe Alsop to write some columns warning the Filipinos not to steal the election from Magsaysay. Carlos Castillo and his collection of soldiers now crossed the Honduran-Guatemalan border. American diplomat and politician (born 1938), Genevieve Jeanne Marie du Fresne de Virel, Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs, United States Ambassador to the Philippines, The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, "The extended family of Nicolas Sarkozy (de Nagy-Bocsa)", "La Giustizia amministrativa: Raccolta completa contenente le decisioni tutte della IV sezione del Consiglio di Stato, le decisioni pi importanti della Corte dei conti in materia di conti comunali, provinciali ed erariali, e di pensioni, le pi importanti sentenze della Corte di cassazione di Roma in materia elettorale e di competenza e monografie relative a questioni amministrative", "Nomination of Frank G. Wisner To Be United States Ambassador to Egypt", "Guiding Principles for U.S. Post-Conflict Policy in Iraq", "Ambassador Frank G. Wisner Joins Ergo's Advisory Board", "Frank Wisner, the Diplomat Sent to Prod Mubarak", Obama Egypt Envoy Frank Wisner Says Mubarak Should Stay, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_G._Wisner&oldid=1135372820, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, Ambassadors of the United States to India, Ambassadors of the United States to Egypt, Ambassadors of the United States to Zambia, United States Under Secretaries of Defense for Policy, People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011, Acting United States Secretaries of State, People associated with Squire Patton Boggs, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 07:44. In April 1962 Richard Helms recalled Wisner to Washington. He lived in Romania with a beautiful Russian spy. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided byRefinitiv Lipper. A close friend, Avis Bohlen said he "was so depressed about how the world was going he felt we were losing the Cold War.". Two months later he moved on to Romania where his main task was to spy on the activities of the Soviet Union. Another project started by Wisner was called Operation Bloodstone. The agency hired Bissell to reflect the new CIA. During this period Wisner worked closely with Kim Philby, the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) liaison in Washington. Hector (Rip Robertson) said only one, a courier . With so many talented officers working in covert action, and with most of the foreigners involved being friendly collaborators and not "recruited" assets, the do could scarcely base promotions on the number of recruitments a case officer made each year. From 1971 to 1973, he was first secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Tunis, Tunisia, and following that, from 1973 to 1974, he was first secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Dacca, Bangladesh. By this time Operation Mockingbird had a major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. As Evan Thomas reported in The Very Best Men, the OPCs charter gave it responsibility for propaganda, economic warfare; preventative direct action, including sabotage, antisabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. The U.S. government would disclaim any responsibility of the OPCs missions. In Hungary the prime minister Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on political and economic reform. A decision was reached to create an organization within the CIA to conduct secret political operations. In 1954 Wisner arranged for the funding the Hollywood production of Animal Farm, the animated allegory based on the book written by George Orwell. He was a good sprinter and hurdler and in 1936 was asked to compete in the Olympic trials. OSS agents penetrated the Romanian Communist Party and Wisner was able to discover that the Soviets intended to take over all of Eastern Europe. His army was outnumbered by the Guatemalan Army. He persuaded President Harry S. Truman that the OSS in peacetime would be an "American Gestapo". This was followed by a week of bombing ports, ammunition dumps, military barracks and the international airport. Now internal subversion communism from within - was an additional cause for direct action. Frank George Wisner II (born July 2, 1938) is an American businessman and former diplomat who had served as acting United States Secretary of State for a few hours following the resignation of the previous acting United States Secretary of State Arnold Kanter at noon on January 20, 1993 until the confirmation by the United States Senate and swearing in of Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State later that day. It was later discovered that one commander accepted $60,000 to surrender his troops. According to Deborah Davis, Meyer became Mockingbird's "principal operative". The Guatemalan Foreign Minister, Guillermo Toriello, asked the United Nations for help against the covert activities of the United States. On August 2, 1936, she married Arthur S. Wisner in Sparks, Nev. Mrs. Wisner had been active in the Emanuel. His lineage is impeccable, since his father, Frank Wisner Sr., was a senior CIA official (from 1947 until his suicide in 1965) who was involved in the overthrow of Arbenz of Guatemala (1954) and Mossadeq of Iran (1953). Wisner began his intelligence career in the Office of Strategic Services in World War II. Arbenz now believed he stood little chance of preventing Castillo gaining power. In 1976, at the beginning of the Carter administration, he served under Cyrus Vance as Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State. Mossadegh also abolished Iran's feudal agriculture sector and replaced with a system of collective farming and government land ownership. He also serves on the advisory board of the National Security Network, and on the board of Refugees International. However, there is evidence that he was recruited several years earlier and had been spying on the liberal organizations he had been a member of in the later 1940s. Samuel Zemurray, United Fruit Company's largest shareholder, with the help of Tommy Corcoran, organized an anti-Arbenz campaign in the American media. Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles. In July 19, 1954, he created the National Committee of Defense Against Communism and decreed the Preventive Penal Law Against Communism to fight against those who supported Arbenz when he was in power. According to Donald N. Wilber, who was involved in this CIA plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August, 1953, Iranian CIA operatives, pretending to be socialists, threatened Muslim leaders with "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh," thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent. It has been estimated that between January and June, 1954, the CIA spent about $20 million on Castillo's army. Wisner arrived in England in September, 1959. Frank Wisner, Jr. WASHINGTON Once a month or so, a coterie of aging diplomats convenes at the elegant Metropolitan Club of New York. [2][7] He joined the State Department as a Foreign Service Officer in December 1961. DR: In a sense, The Good Shepherd Wisner was transferred to the OSS station in Wiesbaden. The military now joined the opposition and Mossadegh was arrested on August 19, 1953. He gained support for this from James Forrestal, the Defense Secretary. He had upset the US government by nationalizing Iran's oil industry. In 1964 he became a rural development officer at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam, for the Agency for International Development. Your email address will not be published. Feb 21, 11:00 am. Later he became an informal adviser to the royal family. William (Rip) Robertson was also involved in the campaign against Arbenz. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. He talked about his children. The Guatemalan Foreign Minister, Guillermo Toriello, asked the United Nations for help against the covert activities of the United States. Nixon asked a number of questions, concise and to the point, and demonstrated a thorough knowledge of the Guatemalan political situation. Iranians took to the streets against Mohammed Mossadegh. He pointed out that they had spent a great deal of money on Radio Free Europe "to get these people to revolt". [20], In 1961, Wisner was ordered to organize CIA activities in British Guiana. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. However, the CIA Voice of Liberation successfully convinced Arbenz's supporters that two large and heavily armed columns of invaders were moving towards Guatemala City. Wisner committed suicide. Allen W. Dulles therefore sent him to London to be CIA chief of station in England. In the cases of Frank Wisner and Philip Graham, it played a role in their suicides. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. During the Hungarian Uprising an estimated 20,000 people were killed. (A separate Office of Special Operations conducted secret actions aimed solely at gathering intelligence.) In early 2011, the Obama administration asked Wisner to carry views to Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak, including advice that Mubarak should resign to defuse the crisis. When the project collapsed, however, the Belarusians quickly settled in and obtained US citizenship and intelligence agencies protected them from exposure for decades. According to Donald N. Wilber, who was involved in this CIA plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August, 1953, Iranian CIA operatives, pretending to be socialists, threatened Muslim leaders with "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh," thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent. David Atlee Phillips was appointed to run the propaganda campaign against Arbenz's government. Internationalist, abrasive, competitive, these men had an unshakeable belief in their value system, and in their duty to offer it to others. According to Alex Constantine (Mockingbird: The Subversion Of The Free Press By The CIA), in the 1950s, "some 3,000 salaried and contract CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts". Tracy Barnes was field commander of what became known as Operation Success. It has been estimated that between January and June, 1954, the CIA spent about $20 million on Castillo's army. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. Its worth noting that Wisner was the Christopher Hitchens of his daya relentless charmer and bon vivant who threw all the best parties with the most interesting, powerful, and influential guests. The FBI hated them because they didnt want competition. Date of death: 29 October 1965: Manner of death: suicide; Place of burial: Arlington National Cemetery (385229.114N 77414.088W, Section 6, grave 9395-C, 1965) Pseudonym: . Four days later, after a day in which Mubarak allies took violent reprisal against democracy activists, Wisner spoke to a security conference in Europe and called it "crucial" that Mubarak stay on in the interest of "stability." But Frank was a little excessive, even for me.". The program successfully inserted countless pro-American news stories into coverage while suppressing reporting that might be embarrassing to the country. Wisner arrived in England in September, 1959. Eisenhower turned to his Chief of the Joint Chiefs. Phillips, along with E. Howard Hunt, was responsible for running the CIA's Voice of Liberation radio station. He was first stationed in Cairo where he spent an uneventful year. The CIA began providing financial and logistic support for Colonel Carlos Castillo. Wisner began having trouble with J. Edgar Hoover. In 1953 the brothers helped out Edward Lansdale and the CIA in the Philippines: "Wisner actively courted the Alsops, along with a few other newsmen he regarded as suitable outlets. Later, John Loftus, a prosecutor with the Office of Special Investigations at the U.S. Justice Department, accused Wisner of methodically recruiting Nazi war criminals. He was prescribed psychoanalysis and shock therapy (electroconvulsive treatment). http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKwisner.htm, Your email address will not be published. According to Deborah Davis (Katharine the Great): "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of the New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles.". During the war William Donovan as head of the OSS, had built up a team of 16,000 agents working behind enemy lines. Four months later he agreed to retire from the CIA. This included James Truitt, Russell Wiggins, Phil Geyelin, John Hayes and Alan Barth. While in Bucharest he became friendly with King Michael of Romania. Almost 30 years after the fall of communism in. Alumni include Frank Wisner, one of the CIA's founders, and US ambassador to the UN Edward Stettinius, Jr. At this time Wisner began plotting the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran. With the help of resident Anastasio Somoza, Castillo had formed a rebel army in Nicaragua. Let's run over your presentations." After Pearl Harbor, he found himself in the Office of Strategic Services, where he spied behind enemy lines, eventually becoming head of OSS operations in southeastern Europe. The questions from the unknown man next to me were very insistent, furtive. If it gets near the coast of Guatemala we'll sink the son-of-a-bitch. ' As previously described at Mental Floss, one of their more brilliant, but alas, never executed, operations involved airdropping enormous condoms labeled medium behind the Iron Curtain, as a way of demonstrating the anatomical superiority of the American fighting man.). Thomas points out that he "considered his friends Joe and Stewart Alsop to be reliable purveyors of the company line in their columns". Eisenhower shook hands all around. To get better results, add more information such as Birth Info, Death Info and Locationeven a guess will help. It compelled a higher degree of intellectual curiosity, accomplishment, and operational savior faire than did espionage ("espionage" referring specifically to the recruitment of foreign intelligence agents). Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on "propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world". The whole arrangement of American power in the world from the nineteenth century was based on commercial concerns and methods of operation his had given America a material empire through the ownership of foreign transport systems, oil fields, estancias, stocks, and shares. The agents whom he and Burke infiltrated into Romania, Poland, the Baltic states and East Germany all disappeared; most were probably killed. Wisner was too ill to return to his post as head of the DDP. Kermit Roosevelt, the grandson of Theodore Roosevelt, was put in charge of what became known as Operation Ajax. It was not successful and still suffering from depression, he was released from hospital in 1958. By this time Operation Mockingbird had a major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. During his absence Wisner's job was covered by his chief of operations, Richard Helms. . Wisner recruited Philip Graham (Washington Post) to run the project within the industry. They were the patricians of the modern age, the paladins of democracy, and saw no contradiction in that. [11] On September 1, 1948, the office was formally established, although it was renamed to the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) for obfuscation purposes. It had also given America resources and experience (concentrated in private hands) with the world outside the Americas, used effectively by the OSS during World War II American government, however, had stayed in America, lending its influence to business but never trying to overthrow other governments for commercial purposes. [10], Wisner is an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Nixon asked a number of questions, concise and to the point, and demonstrated a thorough knowledge of the Guatemalan political situation. It is doubtful that many of the lawmakers who voted for the 1947 Act could have envisioned the scale on which the CIA would engage in operational activities all over the world. Frank Wisners new agency was called the Office of Policy Coordination, which should tell you an awful lot about its business. The CIA propaganda campaign included the distribution of 100,000 copies of a pamphlet entitled Chronology of Communism in Guatemala. The CIA also provided them with classified information to help them with their work. The Defense Mobilization Support Planning Activity? Frank Gardiner Wisner - Commander, United States Navy Central Intellignce Agency February 27, 2023 by Michael Robert Patterson Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. Mussadegh in Iran was left-wing and had indulged in talks with Russian diplomats about possible alliances and treaties. Required fields are marked *. But the navy is watching a Soviet sub in the area; it could be there to evacuate some of Arbenz's friends, or to supply arms to any resisters.". However, the CIA Voice of Liberation successfully convinced Arbenz's supporters that two large and heavily armed columns of invaders were moving towards Guatemala City. In 1954 Wisner arranged for the funding the Hollywood production of Animal Farm, the animated allegory based on the book written by George Orwell. He announced a change in policy and gave orders for the Soviet Union's political prisoners to be released. Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. The Defense Department preferred to save its dirty tricks for times of war. Arbenz began to tackle Guatemala's unequal land distribution. With the help of George Kennan, the Office of Special Projects was created in 1948. Wisner's death saddened but did not shock his colleagues. However, Barnes convinced him that it was vital important that the Soviets did not establish a "beachhead in Central America". Accepting that further resistance would only bring more deaths he announced his resignation over the radio. The company wanted $16 million for the land. He was prescribed psychoanalysis and shock therapy (electroconvulsive treatment). He retired in 1963, and committed suicide with a shotgun in 1965. He suffered a breakdown in 1958, and retired from the Agency in 1962. [12] Wisner was chosen to lead the OPC in the capacity of Assistant Director for Policy Coordination (ADPC). After the war, he headed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), one of the OSS successor organizations, from 1948 to 1950. Wisner Sr. died in 1965 by michael gordon. The military now joined the opposition and Mossadegh was arrested on August 19, 1953. In 1950, the OPC was placed under the Central Intelligence Agency and renamed the Directorate of Plans. Now internal subversion communism from within - was an additional cause for direct action. As a result the resolution was defeated by 5 votes to 4. Some of this money was used to bribe journalists and publishers. The CIA began providing financial and logistic support for Colonel Carlos Castillo. In addition, regardless of the principles being professed, when direct action was taken (whether clandestine or not), the interests of American business would be a consideration: if the flag was to follow, it would quite definitely follow trade. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Hoover also passed to McCarthy details of an affair that Wisner had with Princess Caradja in Romania during the war. This included George Kennan, Dean Acheson, Richard Bissell, Desmond FitzGerald, Joseph Alsop, Stewart Alsop, Tracy Barnes, Thomas Braden, Philip Graham, David Bruce, Clark Clifford, Walt Rostow, Eugene Rostow, Chip Bohlen, Cord Meyer, James Angleton, William Averill Harriman, John McCloy, Felix Frankfurter, John Sherman Cooper, James Reston, Allen W. Dulles and Paul Nitze. . President Dwight Eisenhower responded by claiming that Guatemala had a "communist dictatorship.. had established an outpost on this continent to the detriment of all the American nations". The nature of Arbenz's government, however, meant that Operation Success launched both the CIA and the United States on a new path. Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. Wisner was disappointed by the US government's reaction to this news and he was forced to advise the Romanian royal family to go into exile. During his tenure in Lusaka, he played the role of point man for the Constructive Engagement policy of assistant secretary of state for African affairs Chester Crocker. "Tomorrow morning, gentlemen," Dulles said, "we will go to the White House to brief the President. After graduating Wisner worked as a Wall Street lawyer. This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the Central Intelligence Agency. Record information. Over the next few weeks thousands were arrested on suspicion of communist activity. Vijay Prashad: Yes, the point is a very good one, why Margaret Scobey herself was not in charge of the deliberations. He pointed out that they had spent a great deal of money on Radio Free Europe "to get these people to revolt". Perhaps he had made up his mind to kill himself. Most men brought their wives to these gatherings. "He realized that his life would be circumscribed by increasing cycles of depression. This secret operation involved recruiting former German officers and diplomats who could be used in the covert war against the Soviet Union. Covert action (orchestrating coups, anti-Communist insurgencies, academic conferences, labor unions, political parties, publishing houses, and shipping companies) required considerable manpower, and it drew the intellectual crme de la crme. Over the next few weeks riots took place in Poland and East Germany. Frank G. Wisner Jr. grew up in the long shadow of his secret agent father. Wisner was educated at the University of Virginia, where he received both a B.A. Wisner remained concerned about the spread of communism and began lobbying for a new intelligence agency. [vague][15] Wisner was unsuccessful in convincing Mubarak to do so. He was dismissed from the CIA in 1950 after an arrest a few years earlier brought his homosexuality to the attention of Senator Joseph McCarthy during the Lavender scare that saw a purge of the State Department personnel because of charges of homosexuality. It was the nearest thing to an expletive I ever heard Dulles use. As Thomas Polgar later pointed out: "Sure, we never said rise up and revolt, but there was a lot of propaganda that led the Hungarians to believe that we would help. Senator McCarthy succeeded in forcing CIA director Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter to dismiss long-time staffer Carmel Offie in 1950, over Wisner's objections.[19]. "What about the Russians? View. ", Later that year Wisner established Operation Mockingbird, a program to influence the American media. OSS agents penetrated the Romanian Communist Party and Wisner was able to discover that the Soviets intended to take over all of Eastern Europe. I suspect that had we known more (it would have just made us more appreciative.) If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. . Faked photographs were distributed that claimed to show the mutilated bodies of opponents of Arbenz. Harvey reported back in June 1951 that he was convinced that Philby was a KGB spy.