He all but eradicated corruption. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . 1. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. Military dictatorship: 2. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. Various forms of dictatorship have been a context in which social and behavioral sciences (SBS) have been developing through most of the twentieth century. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. Accused of crimes against humanity, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in 2006. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. [124], The type of economy in a dictatorship can affect how it functions. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Modern Dictatorships Between 1919 and 1939 there was a great reaction against democracy and dictatorship was established in many countries of the world. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. This list details eight of the world's current dictators and the poverty rates associated with each country. This does not indicate cases of semi-democracy or semi-dictatorship. Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. [129], Several factors determine the stability of a dictatorship, and they must maintain some degree of popular support to prevent resistance groups from growing. [26], A dictatorship may fall because of a military coup, foreign intervention, negotiation, or popular revolution. [46], The shift in the power relation between the dictator and their inner circle has severe consequences for the behavior of such regimes as a whole. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. #SOSCuba. This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. [98], One of the tasks in political science is to measure and classify regimes as either democracies or dictatorship (authoritarian) countries. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries There must be more than one party competing in the elections. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. Modern Dictatorship Countries. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . People who are for dictatorship say it provides for a more stable government, helps abolish corruption, and is more efficient in emergencies. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. [146], In a dictatorship, violence is used to coerce or repress all opposition to the dictator's rule, and the strength of a dictatorship depends on its use of violence. The dictator is the absolute ruler. [8]:456. Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. The list of Dictatorship countries in Africa includes Nigeria and Zaire. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. If you think that today's world is all about democracy, human rights, and freedoms, you live in a total illusion and you should definitely read our list of 15 countries with dictatorships today. The dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain , from 1939 to 1975. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . As of early 2022, the countries of Afghanistan, Eritrea, North Korea, and Turkmenistan are the only nations in the world whose governments are generally considered to be totalitarian dictatorships. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. If you're looking for the names of countries with dictatorship governments then you're in the right place. [89] Military coups were also a common occurrence after decolonisation, with 14 African countries experiencing at least three successful military coups between 1959 and 2001. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. Infamous dictators of the world are often thought of as tyrants - leaders who rule with iron fists, cruelty, unflinching authority, and a lack of opposition. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. In some circumstances, monarchies are also considered dictatorships if the monarchs hold a significant amount of political power. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. For dictatorships, monarchic, military and civilian dictatorship. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. There's no room for opposition or . The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. Duterte is the perfect example of a . [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. ", "The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship? The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. [1][3] Resorting to democratic concepts by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter, Przeworski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed. Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. The fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in Italy , from 1943 to 1945. [107] Dictatorships are often recipients of foreign aid on the condition that they make advances toward democratization. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. A Roman dictator was a special magistrate that was temporarily appointed by the consul during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is. [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. [140] Elections are also used to control elites within the dictatorship by requiring them to compete with one another and incentivizing them to build support with the populace, allowing the most popular and most competent elites to be promoted in the regime. Another controversial dictator is General Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) of Chile. Democracies can be either parliamentary, semi-presidential, or presidential and dictatorships can be civilian, military, or royal. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. [69], In the time between World War I and World War II, several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by far-left and far-right movements. Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", "Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", Divergent Incentives for Dictators: Domestic Institutions and (International Promises Not to) Torture, "Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorships", "How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes", "Tyrants and Terrorism: Why Some Autocrats are Terrorized While Others are Not", "Dictatorship: Modern Tyranny Between Leviathan and Behemoth (Version 2.0) (english version)", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.001.0001, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictatorship&oldid=1142733963, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. scholarly analysis of Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin and Mao, as well as Kim Il-sung of North Korea; Franois Duvalier, or Papa Doc, of Haiti; Nicolae Ceauescu of Romania; and Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. A dictator may address the opposition by repressing it through force, modifying laws to restrict its power, or appeasing it with limited benefits. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle while repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the inner circle. This may be ensured through incentives, such as distribution of financial resources or promises of security, or it may be through repression, in which failing to support the regime is punished. North Korea - One man Dictatorship 2. [8]:455 Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. The government was described as a dictatorship of the proletariat in which power was exercised by soviets. [72] The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. 3. [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. His economic plans have been praised by leaders like Kemal Pasha. [19], Military dictatorships are regimes in which military officers hold power, determine who will lead the country, and exercise influence over policy. [1]:70. Zimbabwe - 1980 to present - Robert Mugabe. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. [31], Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual. As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government. Dictatorships that fail to repress the opposition are susceptible to collapse through a coup or a revolution. [7] The opposition can be an external group, or it can also include current and former members of the dictator's inner circle. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. [8]:455 Some countries (such as Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Israel) require that the vote of no confidence also specify who is going to replace the sitting government to minimize the time without an interim government, essentially replacing one government with another. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. 1. [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. This instability in turn required rulers to become increasingly authoritarian to stay in power, further propagating dictatorship in Africa. Kim Il-Sung The first leader of the North Korean dictatorship from 1948 until 1994, he established North Korea as a communist state. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macas Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. Allowing the opposition to have representation in the regime, such as through a legislature, further reduces the likelihood of terrorist attacks in a dictatorship. [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. 1. But by 1995, all the countries in the region, with the notable . Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". [29][30] The use of ruling parties also provides more legitimacy to its leadership and elites than other forms of dictatorship[31] and facilitates a peaceful transfer of power at the end of a dictator's rule. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. Charles Taylor Country: Liberia Charles McArthur Ghanakay Taylor's life story is akin to that of a movie. 2. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of powerthere is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictatorhistory offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. Negative effects include the unraveling of social organizations and democratic institutions and the prohibition of other political parties. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. [57] The rule of a dictator was not necessarily considered tyrannical in Ancient Rome, though it has been described in some accounts as a "temporary tyranny" or an "elective tyranny". Imelda Marcos. Power is enforced through a steadfast collaboration between the government and a highly developed ideology. What countries are currently ruled by dictatorships? [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. Kim Jong-Il (1.6 million deaths) Kim Jong-il in 2010. Too Much Power. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. Organized opposition is a threat to the stability of a dictatorship, as it seeks to undermine public support for the dictator and calls for regime change. [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of Atatrk, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Francisco Franco, Mao Tse-tung, Juan Pern, Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah, and Charles de Gaulle, could appear in history as the age of plebiscitary dictatorship.