View over 250 locations associated with Charles Dickens in our trail. But Dickens rejected Catholicism and so we cannot imagine that he envisaged Marley as residing in purgatory. Each of the other spectres similarly has attached to them the heavy symbols of their former trades. He had been quite familiar with one old ghost, in a white waistcoat, with a monstrous iron safe attached to its ankle, who cried piteously at being unable to assist a wretched woman with an infant, whom it saw below, upon a door-step. Discuss. Pop Goes The Weasel. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Scrooge sat down upon a form, and wept to see his poor forgotten self as he used to be. A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! October 27, 2016. [30] The book also relates Pliny's description of the haunting of the house in Athens, which was bought by the Stoic philosopher Athenodorus, who lived about 100 years before Pliny. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character Jacob Marley appears in, The narrator states that there was no doubt about, to grieve much (apart from the loss of business), and got a bargain price for, one of the two partners listed above the door he is. It is much easier to burn men than to burn their opinions. The family are used to show that family and relationships are more likely to bring happiness than money. The narrator describes the relationship between Scrooge and Jacob Marley. In the story it: has been dead for seven years. Pliny wrote to his friend Sura that "In the dead of the night a noise, resembling the clashing of iron, was frequently heard, which, if you listened more attentively, sounded like the rattling of fetters; at first it seemed at a distance, but approached nearer by degrees; immediately afterward a phantom appeared in the form of an old man, extremely meagre and squalid, with a long beard and bristling hair; rattling the gyves on his feet and hands. Jacob Marley, like his former business partner Scrooge, was exceptionally good at his job. Want 100 or more? You have laboured on it, since. Jacob Marley, one of the best-known characters in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, was by all accounts a selfish and greedy man who died with only one friend in the world, his business. The cost remains the same to you, but if you dont want to use the affiliate link you can simply search for the products yourself on Amazon. Ebenezer Scrooge, a rich yet greedy man, is visited by three christmas spirits that give him a chance of overcoming his cold-hearted self. Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure nineteen nineteen and six, result happiness. Scrooge will learn that the chain serves as Marleys punishment. They helped on what the was going on in the play because they gave us details on the play. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Marley looks like he did in life except that he now appears transparent and wears a chain of items related to his business. [18] Dickens writes, 'Scrooge knew he was dead? Marley was dead, to begin with. Jacob Marley is a fictional character in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, a former business partner of the miser Ebenezer Scrooge, who has been dead for seven years. As Marley knows, Scrooges currently invisible chain consists of the same items, because the two men made the same choices and focused on the same things in their lives. In this quotation, we see Marley saying that his business dealings (whilst he was alive) are a drop in the ocean to the ocean of my business that now take up his time, more important issues for mankind such as charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence. Of course, he did. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. . Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Scrooge observes that Marley is wrapped in a chain that was long, and wound about him like a tail. Dickens uses onomatopoeia to describe Marley's dramatic entrance, "The cellar-door flew open with a booming sound." This experience with Jacob Marley is full of suspense and tension and the use of the word "flew" indicates that the involvement of Marley is dramatic. The common welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence, were, all, my business. A great many very young girls grown into bold women before they had well ceased to be children. The common welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence, were, all, my business. ", All he can do is offer Scrooge the chance to escape the same fate. 'The Spirits of all Three shall strive within me. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Free trial is available to new customers only. The door knocker turns into Jacob Marley's face, who died exactly on a holy evening seven years ago, the tile of the Dutch oven, which depicts scenes from the Scriptures, suddenly shrinks the face of the deceased, the spirit of Marley himself warns the second about the consequences of life without God's spark in the soul, Christmas perfumes are led by Scrooge from childhood to death and all this is interspersed in the event of one night in order to completely change the life of the old wreckage. Teachers and parents! Marley's appearance also serves as a catalyst for Scrooge's transformation, as he is moved by Marley's plea for help and decides to change his ways. ', Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Who are the three ghosts that Marley tells Scrooge he will meet? Scrooge feels "the chilling influence" of Marley's "death-cold eyes" and when the ghost removes the bandage from its head, its "lower jaw dropped down upon its breast" - a horrible image is created, His terrifying appearance reflects the frightening nature of his message and makes it seem more important, Marley's main role within the novella is to warn Scrooge about what will happen after he dies - unless he changes, The similarities between Marley and Scrooge help to emphasise Marley's role as a warning figure, not just to Scrooge, but the reader too, Marley's punishment is the consequence of living a self-centred life - "I wear the chains I forged in life" - Dickens has already shown Scrooge behaving similarly, therefore Marley is a reflection of Scrooge's fate, Marley regrets that he didn't change his ways whilst he was alive - it's too late for him to avoid suffering - "Oh, woe is me! He's acting selflessly, he's helping Scrooge even though he has no hope of redemption for himself. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Jacob Marley characters rewards choices concepts 03 Share "Scrooge knew he was dead? Design changes: Please bear with us if you come across anything that may look a little disjointed. ', 'I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future!' Now a ghost condemned to wander the world lugging a heavy chain that symbolizes his greed, he visits Scrooge, hoping to warn his only living "friend" to change his ways and avoid sharing Marley's fate. The dealings of my trade were but a drop of water in the comprehensive ocean . This article was most recently revised and updated by John M. Cunningham. Instant PDF downloads. The Ghost of Christmas Present brings Scrooge around town to see the great divide between rich and poor, and also to see how even the poorest manage to find holiday cheer and share their joy. Another character described as purely nasty is Jacob Marley. Jacob Marley - Character analysis in GCSE English Literature Home > GCSE > English Literature > Jacob Marley Jacob Marley ? February 27, 2023 alexandra bonefas scott No Comments . Many had been personally known to Scrooge in their lives. The ghost of his old business partner, Jacob Marley, warns Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits. All the fun of Charles Dickenss Greenwich Fair. He learns the lesson that life is meaningless without friends and family to share one's wealth with, so he vows to spend time with his nephew, Fred, and to care for the struggling Cratchit family. 10 terms. Heaven, and the Christmas Time be praised for this! Regard it as a matter of business business that must be done. [20] Indeed, the ghosts that Scrooge sees outside his window are similarly fettered with objects associated with the sins committed in their lives:[21], Every one of them wore chains like Marley's Ghost; some few (they might be guilty governments) were linked together; none were free. Jacob Marley serves as Scrooge's double, having lived the same greedy life Scrooge now lives. In his ghost form, he looks the same but is transparent and must wear and drag heavy chains which symbolize his. Seven years to the day of his death, on a Christmas Eve, Marleys ghost visits Scrooge. The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker, and the chief mourner. Bob Marleyis an artist that is recognized around the word as the "King of Reggae". In A Christmas Carol, Marley's Ghost resembles Scrooge's former business partner but is a transparent figure whose body is wrapped in heavy chains made of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers . Jacob Marley, fictional character, the deceased business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol (1843) by Charles Dickens. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Respond: Part 1: In An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe critiques Conrads representation of Africa and European imperialism. The jolly giant represents Christmas cheer, which is evident from its initial description: "It was clothed in one simple green robe, or mantle, bordered with white fur on its head it wore no other covering than a holly wreath, set here and there with shining icicles. He forged the chain himself and wears it through his lack of compassion for others. 'Mankind was my business. [5] Originally intending to write a political pamphlet titled, An Appeal to the People of England, on behalf of the Poor Man's Child, he changed his mind[6] and instead wrote A Christmas Carol[7] which voiced his social concerns about poverty and injustice. Marley explains that during his life on Earth, he created his chain by his own actions, telling him, I wear the chain I forged in life. Jacob Marley was Scrooge's business partner, and the narrator goes to some lengths to make us accept he is dead. The script of A Christmas Carol was written by Charles Dickens. He spent his childhood in a lonely boarding school, with only imaginary friends to keep him company. Why Did the Jacobite Rebellions of 1715-45 Fail. goes back to bed and thinks, but the more he thinks that the episode with, door knocker again, and exclaims how thankful he is to it for showing him, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. He will die alone, mocked and abandoned in death. Seven of the best book quotes from Jacob Marley. A Christmas Carol takes place in London during the early 1840s dark even though it ' s three. SparkNotes PLUS Struggling with distance learning? By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Were there no poor homes to which its light would have conducted me! Jacob Marley is a ghost that has accompanied Scrooge through his travel. 806 8067 22 As those things were his only concern in life, Marley must carry them now and forever. Unfortunately, business took over. This boy is Ignorance. [2][3], By early 1843, Dickens had been affected by the treatment of the poor, and in particular the treatment of the children of the poor after witnessing children working in appalling conditions in a tin mine[4] and following a visit to a ragged school. As he matured, he learned to love money more than anything, which lost him, among other things, his fiance. Christmas Carol Scrooge And Marley Character Analysis. Course Hero, "A Christmas Carol Study Guide," October 27, 2016, accessed March 4, 2023, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/A-Christmas-Carol/. He has an infectious, musical laugh . Jacob Marley, the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge, died seven years ago. Log in Other Characters From A Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge A Christmas Carol - Play 0 Bob Cratchit You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. "Rathbone Says Dickens Would Be Top Writer for TV" (, "Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol Cast & Crew List", Meet the cast of A Christmas Carol on BBC One, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Marley&oldid=1135000458, This page was last edited on 22 January 2023, at 00:24. He is also an antihero (a protagonist who embodies negative characteristics); the narrator describes him as a "squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner!" (2). Purchasing Identify the character: the miserly owner of a London counting-house, a poor diminutive man Bob. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/A-Christmas-Carol/. The cost remains the same to you, but if you dont want to use the affiliate link you can simply search for the products yourself on Amazon. He acts as a kind of hellish guardian angel to Scrooge, Marley is acting selflessly and helping a friend even though there is no chance of redemption himself, His character is used to show that Scrooge is lucky - Marley implies that most people are already doomed to their fates, but Scrooge will get one last chance at redemption. Buy my revision guides in paperback on Amazon*:Mr Bruff's Guide to 'A Christmas Carol' https://amzn.to/37wH2hpMr Bruff's Guide to GCSE English Language http. Scrooge is now terrified and vows to listen. Now a ghost condemned to wander the world lugging a heavy chain that symbolizes his greed, he visits Scrooge, hoping to warn his only living "friend" to change his ways and avoid sharing Marley's fate. Humbug!" Scrooge 's nephew, a jolly fellow who loves Christmas and never gives up trying to share his merriment with his uncle, though he is also able to laugh at Scrooge's unrelenting miserliness. Given an unexpected opportunity to communicateperhaps as a Christmas miracleMarley feels determined to help Scrooge and he warns him here. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. Marley tells Scrooge that his appearance before him is "no light part of [Marley's] penance," and that it offers Scrooge a hope and chance of redemption, "a chance and hope," says Marley, "of my procuring. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The untreated illness is suggested to be a result of his family's poverty: Scrooge's meager wage does not afford Bob enough to seek proper medical care. The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker, and the chief mourner. | Log in Other Characters From A Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge A Christmas Carol - Musical 0 How does Scrooge react to Marley's Ghost? , Terrifying " the spectres voice disturbed the very marrow in his bones", Exhausted " I cannot rest, I cannot stay, I cannot linger anywhere". . Created by: Former Member Created on: 24-11-19 12:16 English Literature A Christmas Carol GCSE Edexcel Printable PDF No comments have yet been made Sign up to Comment Marley, who only appears in Stave 1 of A Christmas Carol, has died seven years prior to the setting of the story. Discover more quotations from A Christmas Carol. Marley visits Scrooge to offer him redemption from his own fate, in the hope of changing his mean ways. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Please attach a 250-500 word essay on a critical policy, economic or social issue of your choice that is relevant to the institute to which you are applying ( I appl. Season 4, part 1 ended with Eren in his Attack Titan form preparing to confront the incoming military forces of Marley, who were seeking revenge for the . His business partner, Jacob Marley has been dead for seven years. I was too cowardly to do what I knew to be right, as I had been too cowardly to avoid doing what I knew to be wrong. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Seven years after the death of his business partner, Jacob Marley, a grumpy old man named Ebenezer Scrooge is working in his office. Scrooge prepares for bed and all of the unused bells in his house start to ring. Readers speculate that if Marley likewise served as Scrooges sole friend, with Marleys death Scrooge lives his life completely alone. Character Information Full Name Ebenezer Scrooge Alias Scrooge Mr. Scrooge Species Human Gender Male Alignment Good Profession Money lender and miser Nationality British Resides In London, England Age 50s/60s Family Unnamed Father Unnamed Mother Fan Scrooge (younger sister, older in some versions) Unnamed brother-in-law) Fred (nephew) 853 Words; Bound in chains and tormented, the ghost is doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Jacob Marley is a fictional character in Charles Dickens 's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, a former business partner of the miser Ebenezer Scrooge, who has been dead for seven years. It is apparent that these ghosts, like Marley, are suffering because it is now too late for them to help the living and they now have no chance of redemption to put things right. Dickens introduces the character of the ghost of Marley into the story to warn Scrooge of the consequences of his selfish life, for example how Marley says he is condemned to wander the world bound by chains, chains he says he forged in life (suggesting to Scrooge that he has a choice). Discount, Discount Code Consequently, Marley's ghost does not appear accidentally. It becomes clear that Marley's punishment is not to be condemned to Hell, a place of eternal torment from which there is no release and no escape, but that he is in Purgatory,[14] as he has been constantly wandering the earth in the seven years since his death. 20% The chain with which Scrooge is unknowingly girded would be stronger and heavier and more ponderous than that about Marley as Scrooge has been working on it for seven years more through each act of indifference to those about him. Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign, his sole residuary legatee, his sole friend, and sole mourner. Ebenezer Scrooge. there is no friendship in them, no particular interest, nothing like sentiment. It is a ponderous chain!. Scrooge, a "man of business" (1), is the novel's protagonist. Provident Federal Credit Union "Proud to Serve You!" > Blog > Uncategorized > what is a counting house in a christmas carol He took us home and hammered us. The Ghost of Christmas Past The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is the final spirit to haunt Scrooge on Christmas Eve, entering his life like the Grim Reaper: "draped and hooded, coming, like a mist along the ground, towards [Scrooge]." "No space of regret can make amends for one life's opportunity misused!" - Jacob Marley. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! 4 Mar. It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it. $24.99 Not to know that no space of regret can make amends for one lifes opportunity misused! '[3][13], Marley warns Scrooge that his own chain was as full and heavy as Marley's seven years ago, and that he has been working on it since owing to his indifference to the poor. If they would rather die, theyd better do it, and decrease the surplus population. A Christmas Carol Table of Contents He warns Scrooge that it is required of every man, that the spirit within him should walk abroad among his fellow-men, and travel far and wide; and, if that spirit goes not forth in life, it is condemned to do so after death. Marley tells Scrooge that he has a single chance to avoid the same fate: he will be visited by three spirits and must listen or be cursed to carry much heavier chains of his own. Business was Marley's only concern in life, and nobody besides Scrooge mourned him or was involved in his post-death affairs. The rise and fall of The Eagle and Grecian, City Road. Need Custom Character Analysis Sample With Quotes or Maybe Help With Editing? , Marley's appearance is disturbing. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. In the play Scrooge is visited by the ghosts of christmas past, present, and future. Marleywould not only sing his songs but preached them to the public his message spreading across the world. Already a member? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For example, ghostly music in auditorium. There is no doubt whatever about that. Marley died seven years before the narrative opens. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Marley's character serves as a foil to Scrooge, highlighting the latter's cold, miserly nature and showing the contrast between a life lived for others and one lived only for oneself. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, the supernateral in 'ACC'- ghost of Jacob Marley, What quotes do I need to memorise for A Christmas Carol? The spirit never speaks to Scrooge but shows him visions of what his future will be like if he does not change his ways. Scrooge was very much dismayed to hear the spectre going on at this rate, and began to quake exceedingly. A matter of business. 51 terms. LitCharts Teacher Editions. It was one of those March days when the sun shines hot and the wind blows cold: when it is summer in the light, and winter in the shade. Get the eBook on Amazon to study offline. In addition, there are three spirits were mentioned after of Scrooge business partner, Jacob Marley in novel and they come to visit Scrooge in order to change his behavior and become a new person. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Jacob Marley is a ghost that has accompanied Scrooge through his travel. Tiny Tim Tiny Tim is the youngest Cratchit child. View all our archive of over 600 Charles Dickens quotations, View quotations by character (sorted by work). Grass, S. (2000). It has strange proportions (delicate feet but muscular legs, for example) and is an indeterminate age, looking both like a child and an old man. No rest, no peace. Knowing that the house was supposedly haunted, Athenodorus intentionally set up his writing desk in the room where the apparition was said to appear and sat there writing until late at night when he was disturbed by a ghost which came at first to the door and then into the chamber, and who, like Marley, was bound in chains. . Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Already a member? Scrooge, meanwhile, goes home to a suite of gloomy rooms that used to be, sane man. Marley is your run-of-the-mill worst-case scenario. Business was Marleys only concern in life, and nobody besides Scrooge mourned him or was involved in his post-death affairs. When his nephew, Fred, invites him over to Christmas dinner, Scrooge yells at him and refuses. Together, as the firm of Scrooge and Marley, they became successful yet hard-hearted bankers, with seats on the London Stock Exchange. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The way the content is organized. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. However, the spirits will offer a chance of redemption. If you like this, we think you might also be interested in these related quotations. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Scrooge is visited by the ghost of Jacob Marley, his former business partner who died seven years ago on the same day (Christmas Eve). Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Let's be honestFred doesn't have much of a personality. Continue to start your free trial. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. [19], The chain with which Marley is fettered represents his sins in life and his guilt in failing to help his fellow Man. The haunting ceased when the skeleton was given a proper reburial. Dont have an account? Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. [14] Dickens's statement that Marley "had no bowels" is a reference to the "bowels of compassion" mentioned in the First Epistle of John, the reason for his torment. Did a terrifying Roman ghost story inspire Charles Dickens to write A Christmas Carol? Learn how your comment data is processed. Initially greedy, selfish and cold, Scrooge hates Christmas and lacks any form of Christmas spirit. They symbolise a perfect family. for a customized plan. You might have got over a great quantity of ground in seven years, said Scrooge. Marley tells Scrooge that he will not see him again and leaves the room through the open window where he joins other souls in limbo outside who are tormented by their inability to help the poor and needy in death, as they should have done in life.[3]. How could it be otherwise? There is no doubt whatever about that. This play takes place in London, England. And travelling all the time!, The whole time, said the Ghost. Old Marley was as dead as a door-nail. Mankind was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence, were, all, my business. Write by: . Jacob Marley is a major character in A Christmas Carol. Scrooge signed it. Corrections? Marley was dead, to begin with. Attack on Titan rematch: Eren vs. Reiner. In 'A Christmas Carol', Jacob Marley is the first ghost to visit Ebenezer Scrooge on Christmas Eve. (including. These are mere business relations, . Refine any search. Jacob Marley Who he was in relation to the text and Scrooge? I have passed from one to another, in the course of my business life, just as I. Business! A Christmas Carol Study Guide. On the seventh anniversary of his death on Christmas Eve, the ghost of Jacob Marley, in his torment,[12] appears to Scrooge in his rooms: Marley in his pig-tail, usual waistcoat, tights, and boots; the tassels on the latter bristling like his pig-tail, and his coat-skirts, and the hair upon his head. Jacob Marley Scrooge's long-dead business partner is the first ghostly visitor who haunts him, warning him about the Christmas ghosts soon to come. As a result, Tiny Tim is disabled. Ebenezer Scrooge (/ b n i z r s k r u d /) is the protagonist of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol.At the beginning of the novella, Scrooge is a cold-hearted miser who despises Christmas.The tale of his redemption by three spirits (the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present, and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come) has become a defining . At this time of the rolling year, the spectre said, I suffer most. In the 1954 film adaptation, he was portrayed by the late Basil Rathbone, who also portrayed Edward Murdstone in David Copperfield, Sir Guy of Gisbourne in The Adventures of Robin Hood, and King . [22], Clearly, these tormented souls outside the window, like Marley and Scrooge, are guilty of having failed to help those in need while they were alive; now they are dead, it is too late, and the chains with which they too are fettered were also forged by them in life and girded on of their own free will. Down banks and up banks, and over gates, and splashing into dikes, and breaking among coarse rushes: no man cared where he went. Scrooge hates happiness, love, family, generosity, and most of all Christmas. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, the supernateral in 'ACC'- ghost of Jacob Marley, What quotes do I need to memorise for A Christmas Carol? Scrooges business partner Died 7 years before the story begins Haunts Scrooge at the beginning of story and warns him of what is to come Traits of Jacob Marley Corrupted by greed Lived his life like Scrooge does, takes but does not give. The deals of my trade were but a drop of water in the comprehensive ocean of my business! His money will amount to nothing, and he will have done nothing to alleviate the suffering of his fellow man, including Tiny Tim. The chainsare made of money related objects that was forged because he cared more about money than people. 7 terms. Further, Scrooge learns that he himself has already forged a similar chainbut for seven years longer. Download FREE resources to teach children about 'Jacob Marley'. Seven years to the day of his death, on a Christmas Eve, Marley's ghost visits Scrooge. 9. His body was transparent; so that Scrooge, observing him, and looking through his waistcoat, could see the two buttons on his coat behind. Updates? Yet such was I! Marley explains the justice in his everlasting punishment. Scrooge is told that he has made for himself an even longer chain that he will wear in death, Marley warning him that his own chain was full as heavy and as long as this, seven Christmas Eves ago. Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign, his sole residuary legatee, his sole friend, and sole mourner.
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