How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. a. catharsis. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. d. brain circuits. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. c. overgeneralization. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. We see this in the case of reflexes. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. b. rationalization. 2.3.1.4. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. b. family therapy. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. "That's all right. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. 51. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. 111. c. gestalt therapy. Don't worry. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. b. is not led by a professional clinician. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. c. Beck. d. psychophysical. 19. Gen psych chapter 13 - Subjecto.com Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). b. sociocultural Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. b. social factors leading to stress. c. neurotransmitters. c. regression. b. existential therapy. This thought is an example of: a. depression. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? There are times when we learn by simply watching others. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. b. anal stage. c. sociocultural. 2.3.1.5. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. Evaluating the behavioral model. b. the libido. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? 158. 43. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. b. Rogers. In this case, extinction continues. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. Cognitive therapies. 82. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. a. psychoanalysis. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. b. dendrites. 32. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. c. insert RNA into genes. 22. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. 120. c. client-centered The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. b. brain stimulation. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. b. c. psychoanalysts. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. A story will illustrate the latter. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. c. resistance. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. More on that over the next two sections. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. c. enmeshed. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. d. transference. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. What is that factor? The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. d. humanistic. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Is this correct? c. transference. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. a. gestalt d. psychodynamic. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. 3. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? 144. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. In the case of men. c. depression. b. genetic mutations. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. 102. c. cognitive Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. d. classical conditioning. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The nervous system. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). b. anxiety disorders. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. b. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. 127. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. b. exposure therapy. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. 109. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. c. paradigms. 62. c. The receiving neurons fire. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. c. role-playing. b. existential. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? 145. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. What are some issues facing the biological model? The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. a. 154. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. 57. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). c. psychodynamic According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. 92. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. 35. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. c. unconditional positive regard. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. 2.2.3.2. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: 37. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. b. neurotransmitters. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. b. behavioral-focused The Biological Model of Abnormality Chapter Exam - Study.com We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. d. displacement. 107. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. 140. b. insight. c. humanistic-existential 121. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. c. maintenance. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 64. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. d. quaternary prevention. c. gestalt. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. b. secondary prevention. Describe observational learning and modeling. c. denial. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Observational learning. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. Operant conditioning. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. a. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. 41. 47. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? b. ego. d. fixation. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. 151. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. c. sociocultural Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Dont worry. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. c. operant conditioning. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. None of the models are complete within themselves. d. case studies. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. 58. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? c. superego. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. b. psychoanalysis. b. ego. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. How so? Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. b. They are sexual in nature. c. ineffective treatment options. b. family structure and communication. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. b. ego. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. c. gestalt 165. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. Track the accuracy of the thought. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). 40. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. b. cognitive-behavioral. 2.3.2.1. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Continuous or partial? Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. 94. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. Neurotransmitters.
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