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Gil Cedillo (author, California DREAM Act), National Association for Multicultural Education - Statement, Association of Mexican American Educators - Statement, The Latina/Latino Roundtable - Dr. Calderon, Vamos Unidos USA - Juan Jose Gutierrez's letter, Centro CSO (Boyle Heights) Community Service Organization, ACCE (Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment), Occidental College - Department of Education, Dr. Mark D Naison (Co-Founder, Badass Teachers Association), LA Mission College - Chicano Studies Dep't, Pacoima Neighborhood Council - resolution, Hannah Nguyen - Students United for Public Education, Dr. Cueponcaxochitl Dianna Moreno Sandoval's Letter, VIDEO: LAUSD Board of Education approves Ethnic Studies resolution. If youre looking for proven ways create a more conducive learning environment in your classroom, this online course is for you. An Instagram post from Northridge Academy High School confirmed that the attack prevented students and staff from accessing Google Drive and Schoology. In one reform, individual schools were given more authority over day-to-day decisions and public school choice, authored by school board member Yolie Flores was implemented. Share these sign-in flyers with educators and families. All fees are payable at the time of registration. 9th Grade Parent Meeting 3.18.21. . Since then, the district demographics changed. [48], That month, the login credentials of at least 23 LAUSD staff members appeared on the dark web, with at least one set of credentials connected to the district's VPN service. (There is a $20 drop fee). Among the insurmountable evidence against Stobbe was a jar of petroleum jelly on his desk that tested positive for the boy's DNA. [9] More recently, there are signs that the district is showing improvement, both in terms of dropout and graduation rates. [92], Because of the failed program, Deasy resigned on October 15, 2014. If the student meets the prerequisite reading and writing levels, he/she may work on high school subject assignments at the comfort of his/her home and review them weekly with the supervising teacher. After more than a decade of delays stemming from the environmental review process, ground was broken for construction in 1995. [29] Due to the cost of this additional bureaucracy, then Superintendent Romer called for reversing the measure and re-merging the minidistricts. People in charge concurred that their response could have been better organized. $470.00. New Secondary Literacy Home Page. This program offers pre-employment training, skill description upgrading, and career preparation classes. "[80] A previous female student complained Stobbe fondled her buttocks, and two years prior to his arrest Stobbe had been seen with a female student alone in his car. [40], Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti stated that because he does not control the schools, that Superintendent Ramon Cortines, not he, made the decision. VNHS named a 2022 National Magnet School of Distinction. . Despite successful teacher pay raises obtained in the settlement, a massive economic recession in 1990 caused negotiations in 1991 to focus on preventing massive layoffs due to hundreds of millions in budget deficits. ", "LAUSD turns to district 'lifer' Michelle King as new superintendent", "FBI seizes LAUSD records related to troubled iPad program", "Sour Apple: Los Angeles Schools Want Refund For Failed iPad Program", "Teaching the teachers about Islam? LAUSD has its own police force, the Los Angeles School Police Department, which was established in 1948 to provide police services for LAUSD schools. James Sohn has also been criticized for his attempt to purge all non-legally required documents in each employee computer system. Critics have speculated that it may end up costing closer to $500 million. The division's regular employees are paid about $99,000 each. [45] After Los Angeles County further relaxed masking rules in March, the District announced that they would not drop the indoor mask requirement, later reversing course later that month. Narbonne High School. The overall LAUSD student body was 72.8% Hispanic, 11.6% Black, 9% White, 3.8% Asian, 2.2% Filipino, and .6% other.[63]. [44] On February 22, 2022, the Board announced that the LAUSD would drop the outdoor mask requirement after Los Angeles County relaxed masking rules earlier that week, but still keeping the indoor mask requirements. [106], The district has the country's largest school-based air quality monitoring network. 09/20/2021. [75] Alternative Education and Work Center (AEWC) is a dropout recovery program administered by the Division of Adult and Career Education (DACE) of LAUSD. Exemption from course fees is available for students who are: [2], The school district's jurisdiction area consists of the city of Los Angeles and all or portions of several adjoining cities in southwestern Los Angeles County, California. 870,000 meals served to our students each day. Former Los Angeles Police Chief and current New York Police Commissioner William Bratton referred to the closure as a significant overreaction. San Pedro de Atacama: 2-Day tour visiting Tatio Geysers & the Moon Valley. It is the intention of the Board of Education that every member of the community shall have the right to prompt and orderly redress of a grievance relating to an alleged violation of federal and state laws or regulations of education programs. In 1963, a lawsuit, Crawford v. Board of Ed. Courses that have been "a-g" approved for LAUSD may be found here, along with their District course numbers and UC honors designation. On July 1, 1961, the Los Angeles City School District and the Los Angeles City High School District merged, forming the Los Angeles Unified School District. File Size: Director, Statewide and Strategic PartnershipsDiscovery Education909-631-4927sjohangiry@discoveryed.com. Victory! An appreciation and understanding of other cultures and languages Life-long interest and love for world languages and cultures Helping to eliminate racism, prejudice and bias Ability to communicate with a range of people 21st century skills developed as global citizens Class schedule Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday 4-5:00PM During the 20222023 school year, LAUSD served 565,479 students, including 11,795 early childhood education students and 27,740 adult students. Individuals with disabilities up to age 22, per District Bulletin 4692, Refunds for classes will be given only if: "[18] A desegregation busing plan was developed to be implemented in the 1978 school year. Elementary Literacy & Language Arts. [76], That same year, on December 18, 2012, a jury awarded a $23 million settlement to a 14-year-old boy who had been molested repeatedly by his fifth grade teacher at Queen Anne Place Elementary School in the Mid-Wilshire area, one of the largest awards in the history of the school system. Implemented over the past year as a pilot in selected Middle and High Schools. [64] The practice has prompted concerns and a growing number of inquiries from the district's board members and LAUSD's bond oversight committee. [6][7][8] In 2007, LAUSD's dropout rate was 26 percent for grades 9 through 12. [78] At the time of trial, the boy's attorney, Stephen Estey, asked for a $25 million verdict citing the school district's history of negligence, ignoring, "a number of red flags and complaints by other victims and as a result Stobbe grew bolder and inflicted a lifetime of harm on our defenseless client. [34], On December 15, 2015, the district received an emailed threat, thought by some officials to be credible, causing the closure of all Los Angeles Unified Schools. in this online course, youll learn about students developing brains, the impacts of stress on learning, and how to foster healthy relationships in order to create a more conducive learning environment. Division of Instruction Home page. After reviewing the workshop's handouts, Sherman wrote, [The Workshop] material is not just false, but is anti-Semitic and should have raised immediate red flags with LAUSD I am concerned that LAUSD would promote an education program on the Middle East established by the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FORUSA), an organization who openly supports Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS), a highly polarizing movement that singles out Israel, the only democracy in the Middle East, and has led to anti-Semitic hostility. The district had previously made statements that they were unwilling to pay the ransom, with superintendent Alberto Carvalho claiming that paying ransom "never guarantees the full recovery of data". Schools remained open, with replacement teachers and administrative staff filling in for the striking teachers, but school attendance was estimated to have dropped to less than half during the strike. The class is closed by the school administration Most Spring Enrichment courses will start on Monday, February 6, 2023. Thousands of substitute teachers were mobilized in preparation for the strike, and teachers prepared by saving money to endure a long walk-out. [62], The district assigns points to prospective applicants based on certain conditions: students who have applied for magnet schools before receive additional points, students who live in overcrowded zoned schools receive points, and students who live in mostly minority communities receive points. Teachers throughout California and the U.S. can earn 3 professional development credits by completing this online course or 3 graduate level credits (awarded through University of Massachusetts Global, formerly known as Brandman University). Those under 18 and currently enrolled as a high school student must have their high schools administrative approval to be registered as a concurrently-enrolled high school student with written permission from their parent/guardian and their home school. Each school is to have 3040% non-Hispanic White students and 6070% minority students. As of 2011, within LAUSD, 90% of the overall student body consists of racial and ethnic minorities. On May 30, 1989, approximately 20,000 UTLA members went out on strike for higher pay and more administrative control. [95] FORUSA actively promotes the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement,[96] a perspective shaping its efforts to influence educators about the Middle East. [31] This sparked some protest from teachers, LAUSD board members and many residents of communities not within the City of Los Angeles but served by LAUSD. Various attempts at program reform have been attempted. Designed by architectural firm DLR Group WWCOT, the school opened in 2008 as the "Edward R. Roybal Learning Center". 1969-1981 (Box 13)", "Most Schools Reject All-Year Class Schedule", AB 1381 Gloria Romero Educational Reform Act of 2006, "In need of teacher housing, more California school districts building their own", "All Los Angeles Unified schools closed by 'credible threat' of violence", "LA Police say schools threat was 'not credible', "Threat that closed down L.A. schools appears to be a hoax, congressman says", "LAUSD threat live updates: Second-guessing is easy, L.A. police chief says", "Michelle King will head L.A. schools as the search for a superintendent continues", "Handling of L.A. schools shutdown offers a civics lesson", "LAUSD to close all campuses beginning Monday to combat coronavirus spread", "LAUSD Schools To Remain Closed Through At Least May 1 Amid Coronavirus Crisis", "LAUSD students return to campuses amid COVID surge, testing mandate", "LAUSD students can now remove masks while outdoors at schools", "LAUSD students won't be taking off masks on Monday", "Los Angeles school district warns of disruption as it battles ongoing ransomware attack", "Everything we know so far about the ransomware attack on Los Angeles schools", "LA school district was warned of ransomware threat before recent shutdown", "Hackers Release Data Stolen From Los Angeles Schools in Ransomware Attack", LAUSD List of Union Contracts, LAUSD.net, accessed on January 6, 2019, Associated Administrators of Los Angeles website, accessed on January 6, 2019, "In 1970 Strike, Students Partied by Teachers Lost Battle and Pay", LA Times, Sam Enriques, May 13, 1989, LAUSD teachers back one-day strike, LA Daily News, May 1, 2009, "Teacher Strike Spreads Chaos In Los Angeles", New York Times, May 16, 1989, Analysis of The 1989 Teacher Strike, Stephanie Clayton, Learning in L.A. Project, 2008, "With a Los Angeles teach strike approaching, some echoes resonate from 1989", Mike Antonucci, LAschoolreport.com, January 2, 2019, "LA Teachers Go On Strike For First Time In 30 Years", "Los Angeles Teachers' Strike to End as Deal Is Reached", "LAUSD website including a list of magnet programs", "Audit: Weak oversight at LAUSD facilities department", "School district finds irregularities in $65M worth of contracts", "Teamsters Rally at LAUSD Tue Nov 9th at Noon CNN iReport", "Officials stop file purge in face of audit", "Playin' Around With Playbook: LAUSD's All City Marching Band and Jazz Band Director Tony White", "Miramonte aide's love letters to pupil investigated", "Colleague delivered students to accused child-molesting teacher: Lawyer", "Schools chief announces entire Miramonte staff to be replaced | L.A. NOW | Los Angeles Times", "Los Angeles-area school teacher accused of sexually abusing up to 20 kids", "Estey Bomberger Announces Jury Awards Molestation Victim $23 Million: LA Unified School District to Pay $6.9 million", "Jury awards $6.9 million to boy molested by L.A. Unified teacher - latimes", "Jury Rules LA Schools Must Pay $6.9M To Boy Molested By Teacher CBS Los Angeles", "How the iPad Helped Bring Down the Los Angeles Schools Chief", "LA Schools Chief John Deasy Gets Contract Extension To 2016", "LAUSD's student information system becomes a technological disaster", "Technology Isn't the Solution for Public Education's Problems", "LAUSD officials had close ties with Apple, Pearson execs, records show", "Deasy Resigns as Los Angeles Schools Chief After Mounting Criticism", "LAUSD Superintendent John Deasy Resigns", "Embattled LAUSD Superintendent John Deasy Announces Resignation", "Deasy resigns as superintendent of LA Unified", "After John Deasy, LAUSD faces a tough choice: Play it safe or take another risk? Maxine Waters Service Area Main Campus: Monday through Thursday, 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., and Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Literacy/Language Arts PreK-12. The sensors give parents and students up-to-date access to air quality information. Though the school board president contacted police, Cortines was not contacted until they were unable to rule out a real attack, giving him minutes before school bus drivers left to make the important decision.[41]. [78], In 2013, then-Superintendent John Deasy announce that he would be embarking on a project to give iPads to all students in within the District. View Courses LAUSD Salary Point Courses for K-12 Teachers Multicultural Courses Creating Compassionate Classrooms: Overcoming Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES) Sale! [32] On December 21, 2006, AB 1381 was ruled unconstitutional. : Twenty-two Districts to be Added to Los Angeles; To Make Area from Which to Draw Pupils; Supervisors Give Notice to Education Board", "Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education records, 1875-2012", "The Quest to Desegregate Los Angeles Schools", "Los Angeles School Monitoring Committee Records", "Helene V. Smookler Collection of Material About the Desegregation of the Los Angeles Unified School District, ca. However, an investigation into the credentials found that they were unrelated to the attack. The deal contained no binding agreements on charter schools, but it did include a non-binding resolution calling on the state to establish a cap on charter schools. The LAUSD fought over the landmark with, among others, Donald Trump (with the legal battle dating back to 1989). If youre interested in Creating A Conducive Learning Environment, you might also like these related online courses: Disclaimer: This online professional development class has been approved by the LAUSD and UTLA Joint Salary Point Credit Committee. MSA Merit Awards are only given to a select group of magnet schools nationwide. Students from Maxine Waters Service Area Main Campus and George Kiriyama site elect class representatives to lead the Student Councils in organizing activities that benefit the student body and the school as a whole. In the 1990s, the Los Angeles Education Alliance for Restructuring Now (LEARN) and the Los Angeles Annenberg Metropolitan Project (LAAMP) were created, giving principals even more authority to make changes in curriculum hopefully benefiting students. During the same school year, it had 24,769 teachers and 49,231 other employees. All campuses of the Los Angeles Unified School District have been declared non-smoking campuses by the Board of Education. [21] The Supreme Court upheld the decision that Proposition 1 was constitutional. Los libretos son gratis y solo se requiere un depsito reembolsable para prestarse el video. The board returned to court with what the court of appeal years later would describe as "one of if not the most drastic plan of mandatory student reassignment in the nation. The LACSD was formed to serve elementary and junior high students, originally starting with the same borders of the city of Los Angeles and annexing various smaller elementary school districts throughout its existence. The court ruled typically for the times, that school boards needed to refrain from intentional actions towards segregating students despite the reasons for it. WHEN ARE CLASSES HELD? 59,000 miles District school buses travel each day. Stress, bullying, and even teacher burnout can make it more difficult for students to learn. LAUSD - Ethnic Studies Course Descriptions. Alternative Education Work Center (AEWC) students You can check with your school district to find out which professional development credit type you need. Students will learn to fill out the N-400 Application for Naturalization, acquire basic speaking and writing skills required by the U.S. Numerous negotiation tactics were deployed by both sides including teacher demonstrations, threats to withhold grades, threats to dock teacher pay and many hard fought court battles. Eight numbered Local Districts arose from the merger replacing the eleven districts. [60] The agreement included a 6 percent pay raise for teachers, a reduction in class size by 4 students per class for grades four through 12 over the course of three years, the removal of a provision that had previously allowed larger class sizes during times of economic hardship, and a "commitment to provide a full-time nurse in every school" as well as a librarian for every middle and high school. Presenting LAUSD's Vision of the LTEL Courses. English as a Second Language classes offer speaking, listening, reading and writing skills at the literacy, beginning, intermediate and advanced levels. of Los Angeles lawsuit was heard in the Supreme Court in 1982. Venture into the Atacama Desert, one of the most hostile places in the world on a 3-day tour and skip the hassle of dealing. In a classroom full of students, relationships play an important role in creating a healthy environment that's conducive to learning. [82] He also introduced the My Integrated Student Information System (MISiS), which was criticized for randomly disappearing grades and assignments. [5], LAUSD has been criticized in the past for extremely crowded schools with large class sizes, high drop-out and expulsion rates, low academic performance in many schools, poor maintenance and incompetent administration. Los Angeles Unified School District . Most core academic courses offered at MWSA meet the University of California and California State University "a-g" freshman entrance admission. The confidential report by the OIG office, prompted by whistleblowers, found irregularities in $65 million worth of contracts. This includes costs that exceed pre-approved amounts by 50% and contracts worth $31 million without school board approval. AEWC students are 16-18 year old teens who have dropped out of school. Complete all 34 courses (170 credits), or History becomes more relevant by showing the Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the law on September 18, 2006. About Lodi USD All Departments Business Services Accounting Budget Facilities and Planning Bond Measures Measure U Measure L F&P Projects Request For Qualification/Proposal (RFQ/P) Archives Bonds & Projects Maintenance and Operations Maintenance Request Procedures Prop 39 COVID-19 Processes and Protocols Resource Management Safety [48], On October 2, stolen data related to the attack was released by Vice Society. Of Los Angeles was processed in Los Angeles, and just as the outcome was upheld by the Supreme Court, Judge Paul gly, created the Los Angeles Monitoring Committee (May 1978). Classes are offered at a minimal fee and books are available for purchase in the Student Store on a voluntary basis. [67] Agency CM is an attempt to replace the old consultant model of billing for an hourly rate in favor of a lump sum task order. Each local school district is run by an area superintendent and is headquartered within the district. 1.5 million 4110 Santa Fe Avenue, Long Beach, CA Phone310.847.6400, WASHINGTON PREP HIGH SCHOOL Citizenship and Immigration Services, and prepare to pass the citizenship interview. [81] That same year, his contract with LAUSD was extended to 2016. 3 UMass Global Graduate-Level PD Credits, 3 Professional Development Credits, 3 LAUSD Salary Points, Dismantling Racism Inside and Out (3 Credits), Access to NGSS for ALL Students (2 Credits), 5 Simple Ways to Relieve Toxic Teaching Stress, How would you rate this last academic year on a scale of 1 to 10, How to Advance Your Salary with LAUSD Salary Points, Benefits of Professional Development for Teachers, stress and its impact on healthy development and learning, attachment theory and understanding how insecure relationships impact learning, psychosocial factors that can help create an optimal learning environment, building secure relationships with students, the effects of bullying and how to prevent bullying, the causes and effects of teacher burnout and how to avoid it. Academic Planning & Course Catalog. 10925 S. Central Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90059 LAUSD BY NUMBERS 2nd largest school district in the nation - the District covers 710 square miles. Educational counseling services are available to all students at the following sites: Maxine Waters Service Area is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), with authority to issue credits for high school courses and to issue eighth grade and high school diplomas. "We can not allow ourselves to raise levels of fear." Superintendent Ramon Cortines and former Chief Facilities Sohn have both claimed consultants have been reduced in far greater numbers than district staff. [61], As of January 2005, of the Hispanic students in LAUSD, 1.2% attended magnet schools. This course is 100% online the coursework and interaction. Join a live or on-demand professional learning event just for LAUSD educators! Community Outreach Organizer. AP Course Descriptions The following are course descriptions as outlined by College Board AP European History The study of European history since 1450 introduces students to cultural, economic, political, and social developments that played a fundamental role in shaping the world in which they live. California Constitutional Proposition 1, which mandated that busing follow the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution passed in 1979 with 70% of the vote. A course fee is assessed that combines a registration fee and materials fees for the following courses: English as a Second Language, high school diploma, GED test preparation, citizenship, basic education, older adults program, adults with disabilities program, and career and technical education. $179 3 Salary Points View Course Creating School Environments Free from Harassment, Intimidation and Bullying Sale! [49] The district also expedited its rollout of multi-factor authentication for staff members. Students prepare for careers in the skilled trades through the academic and "hands-on" training. LAUSD Course Code: NA-05-130 UMass Global Course Code: EDLU 9135 Course Description If you've noticed creativity in your students and/or have experienced the joy and power of creative writing in your own life, you'll love this professional development course for teachers. Common Black College Application is now LIVE! Demolition began in late 2005 and the last section of the hotel fell on January 16, 2006. These old villages, whose boom happened at the turn of the last . [103], As of the 20112012 school year, in its enrollment breakdown by ethnic group, 72.3% of its students were of Hispanic origin, of any race; 10.1% of the student population was of Non-Hispanic white ancestry; 9.6% of its students were African American, while Asian American students comprised 6%, including 2% of students of Filipino origin, and Native Americans and Pacific Islanders together comprised less than 1%. Common Core State Standards. For more information click on the link below: https://lausd.zoom.us/j/ 84735751333 ID de seminario web: 847 3575 1333 https://lausd.zoom.us/j/ 81844774954 ID de seminario web: 818 4477 4954 UBICACIN UBICACIN Escuela Preparatoria Franklin 820 N. Avenue 54 Los Angeles, CA 90042 Impulsemos la resiliencia en nuestros hijos y en nosotros mismos Como padres y educadores, es importante que . Here in Antofagasta there is a mix of stories about mining towns in the middle of the desert. Costs in 2010 were $350 per 1 square foot (0.093m2). Each student is assessed for his/her appropriate level of study. Course Description. Taking safety measures. Ofrecemos clases en la maana, tarde/noche. These include the United Teachers of Los Angeles, (UTLA) which currently represents over 35,000 teachers and the Associated Administrators of Los Angeles (AALA). Reports also emerged that the district was hit by a similar attack in February 2021, although to little success. Credits may also be granted for some paid work experience and for military service. Please note, however, that the LAUSD does not endorse this online class provider over any other. [93] In 2015, the Board of Education stated it was exploring possible litigation against Apple. 22328 S. Main Street, Carson, CAPhone: 310.847.6000, FREMONT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL In 2001, the LAUSD finally obtained legal ownership of the property. [14], In 1961, Jackson vs. Pasadena School District was a local predecessor of Crawford v. Board of Ed. Members of the board are elected directly by voters from separate districts that encompass communities that the LAUSD serves. The All District High School Band allows members the opportunity to perform in Bandfest, at Disneyland, and on other events. Home. Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) is a public school district in Los Angeles, California, United States.It is the largest public school system in California in terms of number of students and the 2nd largest public school district in the United States, with only the New York City Department of Education having a larger student population. Calendar. These include: The All District High School Honor Band members are invited in September each year to audition for the band, which includes only brass and percussion instruments. Criticisms with this include the lack of adequate tracking of consultant employees. Registration is not considered complete until fees are paid. "We need to look at it, to reduce the number of consultants," he said. LAUSD serves all of the following communities: and portions of the following communities: LAUSD has 219 year-round schools and 439 schools on the traditional calendar. If youre enrolled in three or more 3-credit online courses simultaneously, upon request, youll be allowed one year to complete the course. Why wasnt this course offered to me before? In August 2006, after a compromise was brokered which allowed the mayor large control while retaining an elected school board and allowing input to be provided from surrounding cities, California State Assembly Bill 1381 passed, giving the mayor a measure of control over district administration. [48], Although the LAUSD slowly recovered from the attack, the district reportedly encountered difficulties regaining access to certain systems, and password resets initiated by the district proved to be cumbersome. The band's current director Anthony "Tony" White has been directing the band for 30 years. COURSE MATERIAL FEE EXEMPTIONS. The UTLA and LAUSD reached a deal on January 22, 2019, after an all-night negotiating session. Ethnic Studies Resolution passed! Maxine Waters Service Area is one of the LAUSD Division of Adult and Career Education schools that provides opportunities for eligible veterans and active duty personnel to take advantage of the educational benefits provided by the GI Bill. [33], Between 2009 and 2019, the district built three employee housing units in Los Angeles with federal tax credits:Norwood Learning Village, Selma Community Housing complex in Hollywood,[34] and Sage Park Apartments on the northern end of the Gardena High School property in Harbor Gateway:[35] the three together have 185 units. Regardless, student achievement failed to increase.[28]. "[61], LAUSD's magnet schools include gifted and highly gifted schools, as well as a large number of magnet programs focusing on students with specific interests, including multiple arts-related magnet programs, multiple science-related magnet programs, multiple pre-law magnet programs, and multiple pre-medical magnet programs. Two lawsuits to stop the enforced busing plan, both titled Bustop, Inc. v. Los Angeles Bd. Este programa cuenta con seis niveles de ingls que permite al estudiante aprender a hablar, leer, entender, y escribir el idioma ingls. Todas las oportunidades educacionales y vocacionales son ofrecidas sin consideracin de raza, origen tnico, sexo o incapacidad.