American Airlines Non Rev Priority Codes, Terrance Watanabe Gofundme, Supporting Teaching And Learning In Schools Level 3 Assignment 1, Preschool Mod Sims 4 Kawaiistacie, Articles R

Asst. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. >> Full History of Nigerian Federalism. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. . It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. Pls visit us again dear reader. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. Adobe d C Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. 4 0 obj June 1,2022 The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Nigeria. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the /Type /Page The Plural nature of Nigeria. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. 4 Topics . Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. 3. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. |4-Iv Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. /F1 6 0 R This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). The chief architect of this theory is Riker. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. %PDF-1.5 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Best information base for latest information both national and international. /Height 235 No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. Payment Details. 74 . Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. Hon. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. /F6 21 0 R << It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? % Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. This is because most of the power (financial and. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. What is federalism? To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. (eds. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria.