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He was, however, defeated. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. Primary sources are original . [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. . The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. . [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Learning in Black and White. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Historical documents : how to read them. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Plutarch, writing much . After some days, both sides engaged in battle. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Primary Source 10. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Categories . [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Find these with these special Subject terms. He brought Pompeii under siege. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. The Acropolis was then besieged. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Published by at 29, 2022. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. Tools for primary source analysis. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way..